Noun gender and plurals
Every noun is masculine or feminine. The ending usually tells you which, and plurals follow a few simple rules.
Take the quizMasculine patterns
Most nouns ending in -o
- el librothe book
- el carrothe car
Days, months, seas, rivers and numbers
- el lunesMonday
- el Caribethe Caribbean
Most nouns ending in -aje, -or, or -án
- el viajethe trip
- el calorthe heat
- el huracánthe hurricane
Feminine patterns
Most nouns ending in -a
- la casathe house
- la playathe beach
Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -tud or -umbre
- la canciónthe song
- la ciudadthe city
- la costumbrethe custom
Exceptions worth memorizing
Masculine nouns ending in -a, many from Greek and ending in -ma
- el díathe day
- el mapathe map
- el problemathe problem
- el idiomathe language
Feminine nouns ending in -o
- la manothe hand
- la fotothe photo
- la motothe motorcycle
Foto and moto are short for fotografía and motocicleta.
Feminine nouns starting with a stressed a take el in the singular
- el agua fríathe cold water
- las aguasthe waters
- el hambrehunger
They stay feminine, so adjectives agree in the feminine.
Same word, different meaning
- el papathe pope
- la papathe potato
- el capitalmoney, capital
- la capitalthe capital city
Words ending in -e or a consonant have to be learned one by one
- el cochethe car
- la nochethe night
- el árbolthe tree
- la florthe flower
Making plurals
Ending in a vowel: add -s
- casa, casashouse, houses
- café, caféscoffee, coffees
Ending in a consonant: add -es
- ciudad, ciudadescity, cities
- mes, mesesmonth, months
Ending in -z: change it to -ces
- luz, luceslight, lights
- lápiz, lápicespencil, pencils
Unstressed final -s: no change
- el lunes, los lunesMonday, Mondays
- el cumpleaños, los cumpleañosbirthday, birthdays
Accents shift to keep the stress in place
- camión, camionestruck, trucks
- joven, jóvenesyoung person, young people
- examen, exámenesexam, exams
A mixed group takes the masculine plural
- mis hijosmy children, my sons
- los niñosthe kids, the boys