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Noun gender and plurals

Every noun is masculine or feminine. The ending usually tells you which, and plurals follow a few simple rules.

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Masculine patterns

Most nouns ending in -o

  • el librothe book
  • el carrothe car

Days, months, seas, rivers and numbers

  • el lunesMonday
  • el Caribethe Caribbean

Most nouns ending in -aje, -or, or -án

  • el viajethe trip
  • el calorthe heat
  • el huracánthe hurricane

Feminine patterns

Most nouns ending in -a

  • la casathe house
  • la playathe beach

Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -tud or -umbre

  • la canciónthe song
  • la ciudadthe city
  • la costumbrethe custom

Exceptions worth memorizing

Masculine nouns ending in -a, many from Greek and ending in -ma

  • el díathe day
  • el mapathe map
  • el problemathe problem
  • el idiomathe language

Feminine nouns ending in -o

  • la manothe hand
  • la fotothe photo
  • la motothe motorcycle

Foto and moto are short for fotografía and motocicleta.

Feminine nouns starting with a stressed a take el in the singular

  • el agua fríathe cold water
  • las aguasthe waters
  • el hambrehunger

They stay feminine, so adjectives agree in the feminine.

Same word, different meaning

  • el papathe pope
  • la papathe potato
  • el capitalmoney, capital
  • la capitalthe capital city

Words ending in -e or a consonant have to be learned one by one

  • el cochethe car
  • la nochethe night
  • el árbolthe tree
  • la florthe flower

Making plurals

Ending in a vowel: add -s

  • casa, casashouse, houses
  • café, caféscoffee, coffees

Ending in a consonant: add -es

  • ciudad, ciudadescity, cities
  • mes, mesesmonth, months

Ending in -z: change it to -ces

  • luz, luceslight, lights
  • lápiz, lápicespencil, pencils

Unstressed final -s: no change

  • el lunes, los lunesMonday, Mondays
  • el cumpleaños, los cumpleañosbirthday, birthdays

Accents shift to keep the stress in place

  • camión, camionestruck, trucks
  • joven, jóvenesyoung person, young people
  • examen, exámenesexam, exams

A mixed group takes the masculine plural

  • mis hijosmy children, my sons
  • los niñosthe kids, the boys
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